Options Oscillator [Lite] IVRank, IVx, Call/Put Volatility Skew The first TradingView indicator that provides REAL IVRank, IVx, and CALL/PUT skew data based on REAL option chain for 5 U.S. market symbols.
🔃 Auto-Updating Option Metrics without refresh!
🍒 Developed and maintained by option traders for option traders.
📈 Specifically designed for TradingView users who trade options.
🔶 Ticker Information:
This 'Lite' indicator is currently only available for 5 liquid U.S. market smbols : NASDAQ:TSLA AMEX:DIA NASDAQ:AAPL NASDAQ:AMZN and NYSE:ORCL
🔶 How does the indicator work and why is it unique?
This Pine Script indicator is a complex tool designed to provide various option metrics and visualization tools for options market traders. The indicator extracts raw options data from an external data provider (ORATS), processes and refines the delayed data package using pineseed, and sends it to TradingView, visualizing the data using specific formulas (see detailed below) or interpolated values (e.g., delta distances). This method of incorporating options data into a visualization framework is unique and entirely innovative on TradingView.
The indicator aims to offer a comprehensive view of the current state of options for the implemented instruments, including implied volatility (IV), IV rank (IVR), options skew, and expected market movements, which are objectively measured as detailed below.
The options metrics we display may be familiar to options traders from various major brokerage platforms such as TastyTrade, IBKR, TOS, Tradier, TD Ameritrade, Schwab, etc.
🟨 The following data is displayed in the oscillator 🟨
We use Tastytrade formulas, so our numbers mostly align with theirs!
🔶 𝗜𝗩𝗥𝗮𝗻𝗸
The Implied Volatility Rank (IVR) helps options traders assess the current level of implied volatility (IV) in comparison to the past 52 weeks. IVR is a useful metric to determine whether options are relatively cheap or expensive. This can guide traders on whether to buy or sell options.
IV Rank formula = (current IV - 52 week IV low) / (52 week IV high - 52 week IV low)
IVRank is default blue and you can adjust their settings:
🔶 𝗜𝗩𝘅 𝗮𝘃𝗴
The implied volatility (IVx) shown in the option chain is calculated like the VIX. The Cboe uses standard and weekly SPX options to measure expected S&P 500 volatility. A similar method is used for calculating IVx for each expiration cycle.
We aggregate the IVx values for the 35-70 day monthly expiration cycle, and use that value in the oscillator and info panel.
We always display which expiration the IVx values are averaged for when you hover over the IVx cell.
IVx main color is purple, but you can change the settings:
🔹IVx 5 days change %
We are also displaying the five-day change of the IV Index (IVx value). The IV Index 5-Day Change column provides quick insight into recent expansions or decreases in implied volatility over the last five trading days.
Traders who expect the value of options to decrease might view a decrease in IVX as a positive signal. Strategies such as Strangle and Ratio Spread can benefit from this decrease.
On the other hand, traders anticipating further increases in IVX will focus on the rising IVX values. Strategies like Calendar Spread or Diagonal Spread can take advantage of increasing implied volatility.
This indicator helps traders quickly assess changes in implied volatility, enabling them to make informed decisions based on their trading strategies and market expectations.
Important Note:
The IVx value alone does not provide sufficient context. There are stocks that inherently exhibit high IVx values. Therefore, it is crucial to consider IVx in conjunction with the Implied Volatility Rank (IVR), which measures the IVx relative to its own historical values. This combined view helps in accurately assessing the significance of the IVx in relation to the specific stock's typical volatility behavior.
This indicator offers traders a comprehensive view of implied volatility, assisting them in making informed decisions by highlighting both the absolute and relative volatility measures.
🔶 𝗖𝗔𝗟𝗟/𝗣𝗨𝗧 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝗸𝗲𝘄 𝗵𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺
At TanukiTrade, Vertical Pricing Skew refers to the difference in pricing between put and call options with the same expiration date at the same distance (at tastytrade binary expected move). We analyze this skew to understand market sentiment. This is the same formula used by TastyTrade for calculations.
We calculate the interpolated strike price based on the expected move, taking into account the neighboring option prices and their distances. This allows us to accurately determine whether the CALL or PUT options are more expensive.
🔹 What Causes Pricing Skew? The Theory Behind It
The asymmetric pricing of PUT and CALL options is driven by the natural dynamics of the market. The theory is that when CALL options are more expensive than PUT options at the same distance from the current spot price, market participants are buying CALLs and selling PUTs, expecting a faster upward movement compared to a downward one .
In the case of PUT skew, it's the opposite: participants are buying PUTs and selling CALLs , as they expect a potential downward move to happen more quickly than an upward one.
An options trader can take advantage of this phenomenon by leveraging PUT pricing skew. For example, if they have a bullish outlook and both IVR and IVx are high and IV started decreasing, they can capitalize on this PUT skew with strategies like a jade lizard, broken wing butterfly, or short put.
🔴 PUT Skew 🔴
Put options are more expensive than call options, indicating the market expects a faster downward move (▽). This alone doesn't indicate which way the market will move (because nobody knows that), but the options chain pricing suggests that if the market moves downward, it could do so faster in velocity compared to a potential upward movement.
🔹 SPY PUT SKEW example:
If AMEX:SPY PUT option prices are 46% higher than CALLs at the same distance for the optimal next monthly expiry (DTE). This alone doesn't indicate which way the market will move (because nobody knows that), but the options chain pricing suggests that if the market moves downward, it could do so 46% faster in velocity compared to a potential upward movement
🟢 CALL Skew 🟢
Call options are more expensive than put options, indicating the market expects a faster upward move (△). This alone doesn't indicate which way the market will move (because nobody knows that), but the options chain pricing suggests that if the market moves upward, it could do so faster in velocity compared to a potential downward movement.
🔹 INTC CALL SKEW example:
If NASDAQ:INTC CALL option prices are 49% higher than PUTs at the same distance for the optimal next monthly expiry (DTE). This alone doesn't indicate which way the market will move (because nobody knows that), but the options chain pricing suggests that if the market moves upward, it could do so 49% faster in velocity compared to a potential downward movement .
🔶 USAGE example:
The script is compatible with our other options indicators.
For example: Since the main metrics are already available in this Options Oscillator, you can hide the main IVR panel of our Options Overlay indicator, freeing up more space on the chart. The following image shows this:
🔶 ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT COMMENTS
🔹 Historical Data:
Yes, we only using historical internal metrics dating back to 2024-07-01, when the TanukiTrade options brand launched. For now, we're using these, but we may expand the historical data in the future.
🔹 What distance does the indicator use to measure the call/put pricing skew?:
It is important to highlight that this oscillator displays the call/put pricing skew changes for the next optimal monthly expiration on a histogram.
The Binary Expected Move distance is calculated using the TastyTrade method for the next optimal monthly expiration: Formula = (ATM straddle price x 0.6) + (1st OTM strangle price x 0.3) + (2nd OTM strangle price x 0.1)
We interpolate the exact difference based on the neighboring strikes at the binary expected move distance using the TastyTrade method, and compare the interpolated call and put prices at this specific point.
🔹 - Why is there a slight difference between the displayed data and my live brokerage data?
There are two reasons for this, and one is beyond our control.
◎ Option-data update frequency:
According to TradingView's regulations and guidelines, we can update external data a maximum of 5 times per day. We strive to use these updates in the most optimal way:
(1st update) 15 minutes after U.S. market open
(2nd, 3rd, 4th updates) 1.5–3 hours during U.S. market open hours
(5th update) 10 minutes before U.S. market close.
You don’t need to refresh your window, our last refreshed data-pack is always automatically applied to your indicator, and you can see the time elapsed since the last update at the bottom of the corner on daily TF.
◎ Brokerage Calculation Differences:
Every brokerage has slight differences in how they calculate metrics like IV and IVx. If you open three windows for TOS, TastyTrade, and IBKR side by side, you will notice that the values are minimally different. We had to choose a standard, so we use the formulas and mathematical models described by TastyTrade when analyzing the options chain and drawing conclusions.
🔹 - EOD data:
The indicator always displays end-of-day (EOD) data for IVR, IV, and CALL/PUT pricing skew. During trading hours, it shows the current values for the ongoing day with each update, and at market close, these values become final. From that point on, the data is considered EOD, provided the day confirms as a closed daily candle.
🔹 - U.S. market only:
Since we only deal with liquid option chains: this option indicator only works for the USA options market and do not include future contracts; we have implemented each selected symbol individually.
Disclaimer:
Our option indicator uses approximately 15min-3 hour delayed option market snapshot data to calculate the main option metrics. Exact realtime option contract prices are never displayed; only derived metrics and interpolated delta are shown to ensure accurate and consistent visualization. Due to the above, this indicator can only be used for decision support; exclusive decisions cannot be made based on this indicator. We reserve the right to make errors.This indicator is designed for options traders who understand what they are doing. It assumes that they are familiar with options and can make well-informed, independent decisions. We work with public data and are not a data provider; therefore, we do not bear any financial or other liability.
Zmienność
Options Oscillator [PRO] IVRank, IVx, Call/Put Volatility Skew𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗩𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗟 𝗜𝗩𝗥𝗮𝗻𝗸, 𝗜𝗩𝘅, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗔𝗟𝗟/𝗣𝗨𝗧 𝘀𝗸𝗲𝘄 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝗻 𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗟 𝗼𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟲𝟱+ 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗹𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗱 𝗨.𝗦. 𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗸𝗲𝘁 𝘀𝘆𝗺𝗯𝗼𝗹𝘀
🔃 Auto-Updating Option Metrics without refresh!
🍒 Developed and maintained by option traders for option traders.
📈 Specifically designed for TradingView users who trade options.
🔶 Ticker Information:
This indicator is currently only available for over 165+ most liquid U.S. market symbols (eg. SP:SPX AMEX:SPY NASDAQ:QQQ NASDAQ:TLT NASDAQ:NVDA , etc.. ), and we are continuously expanding the compatible watchlist here: www.tradingview.com
🔶 How does the indicator work and why is it unique?
This Pine Script indicator is a complex tool designed to provide various option metrics and visualization tools for options market traders. The indicator extracts raw options data from an external data provider (ORATS), processes and refines the delayed data package using pineseed, and sends it to TradingView, visualizing the data using specific formulas (see detailed below) or interpolated values (e.g., delta distances). This method of incorporating options data into a visualization framework is unique and entirely innovative on TradingView.
The indicator aims to offer a comprehensive view of the current state of options for the implemented instruments, including implied volatility (IV), IV rank (IVR), options skew, and expected market movements, which are objectively measured as detailed below.
The options metrics we display may be familiar to options traders from various major brokerage platforms such as TastyTrade, IBKR, TOS, Tradier, TD Ameritrade, Schwab, etc.
🟨 The following data is displayed in the oscillator 🟨
We use Tastytrade formulas, so our numbers mostly align with theirs!
🔶 𝗜𝗩𝗥𝗮𝗻𝗸
The Implied Volatility Rank (IVR) helps options traders assess the current level of implied volatility (IV) in comparison to the past 52 weeks. IVR is a useful metric to determine whether options are relatively cheap or expensive. This can guide traders on whether to buy or sell options.
IV Rank formula = (current IV - 52 week IV low) / (52 week IV high - 52 week IV low)
IVRank is default blue and you can adjust their settings:
🔶 𝗜𝗩𝘅 𝗮𝘃𝗴
The implied volatility (IVx) shown in the option chain is calculated like the VIX. The Cboe uses standard and weekly SPX options to measure expected S&P 500 volatility. A similar method is used for calculating IVx for each expiration cycle.
We aggregate the IVx values for the 35-70 day monthly expiration cycle, and use that value in the oscillator and info panel.
We always display which expiration the IVx values are averaged for when you hover over the IVx cell.
IVx main color is purple, but you can change the settings:
🔹 IVx 5 days change %
We are also displaying the five-day change of the IV Index (IVx value). The IV Index 5-Day Change column provides quick insight into recent expansions or decreases in implied volatility over the last five trading days.
Traders who expect the value of options to decrease might view a decrease in IVX as a positive signal. Strategies such as Strangle and Ratio Spread can benefit from this decrease.
On the other hand, traders anticipating further increases in IVX will focus on the rising IVX values. Strategies like Calendar Spread or Diagonal Spread can take advantage of increasing implied volatility.
This indicator helps traders quickly assess changes in implied volatility, enabling them to make informed decisions based on their trading strategies and market expectations.
Important Note:
The IVx value alone does not provide sufficient context. There are stocks that inherently exhibit high IVx values. Therefore, it is crucial to consider IVx in conjunction with the Implied Volatility Rank (IVR), which measures the IVx relative to its own historical values. This combined view helps in accurately assessing the significance of the IVx in relation to the specific stock's typical volatility behavior.
This indicator offers traders a comprehensive view of implied volatility, assisting them in making informed decisions by highlighting both the absolute and relative volatility measures.
🔶 𝗖𝗔𝗟𝗟/𝗣𝗨𝗧 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝗸𝗲𝘄 𝗵𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺
At TanukiTrade, Vertical Pricing Skew refers to the difference in pricing between put and call options with the same expiration date at the same distance (at tastytrade binary expected move). We analyze this skew to understand market sentiment. This is the same formula used by TastyTrade for calculations.
We calculate the interpolated strike price based on the expected move, taking into account the neighboring option prices and their distances. This allows us to accurately determine whether the CALL or PUT options are more expensive.
🔹 What Causes Pricing Skew? The Theory Behind It
The asymmetric pricing of PUT and CALL options is driven by the natural dynamics of the market. The theory is that when CALL options are more expensive than PUT options at the same distance from the current spot price, market participants are buying CALLs and selling PUTs, expecting a faster upward movement compared to a downward one .
In the case of PUT skew, it's the opposite: participants are buying PUTs and selling CALLs , as they expect a potential downward move to happen more quickly than an upward one.
An options trader can take advantage of this phenomenon by leveraging PUT pricing skew. For example, if they have a bullish outlook and both IVR and IVx are high and IV started decreasing, they can capitalize on this PUT skew with strategies like a jade lizard, broken wing butterfly, or short put.
🔴 PUT Skew 🔴
Put options are more expensive than call options, indicating the market expects a faster downward move (▽). This alone doesn't indicate which way the market will move (because nobody knows that), but the options chain pricing suggests that if the market moves downward, it could do so faster in velocity compared to a potential upward movement.
🔹 SPY PUT SKEW example:
If AMEX:SPY PUT option prices are 46% higher than CALLs at the same distance for the optimal next monthly expiry (DTE). This alone doesn't indicate which way the market will move (because nobody knows that), but the options chain pricing suggests that if the market moves downward, it could do so 46% faster in velocity compared to a potential upward movement
🟢 CALL Skew 🟢
Call options are more expensive than put options, indicating the market expects a faster upward move (△). This alone doesn't indicate which way the market will move (because nobody knows that), but the options chain pricing suggests that if the market moves upward, it could do so faster in velocity compared to a potential downward movement.
🔹 INTC CALL SKEW example:
If NASDAQ:INTC CALL option prices are 49% higher than PUTs at the same distance for the optimal next monthly expiry (DTE). This alone doesn't indicate which way the market will move (because nobody knows that), but the options chain pricing suggests that if the market moves upward, it could do so 49% faster in velocity compared to a potential downward movement .
🔶 USAGE example:
The script is compatible with our other options indicators.
For example: Since the main metrics are already available in this Options Oscillator, you can hide the main IVR panel of our Options Overlay indicator, freeing up more space on the chart. The following image shows this:
🔶 ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT COMMENTS
🔹 Historical Data:
Yes, we only using historical internal metrics dating back to 2024-07-01, when the TanukiTrade options brand launched. For now, we're using these, but we may expand the historical data in the future.
🔹 What distance does the indicator use to measure the call/put pricing skew?:
It is important to highlight that this oscillator displays the call/put pricing skew changes for the next optimal monthly expiration on a histogram.
The Binary Expected Move distance is calculated using the TastyTrade method for the next optimal monthly expiration: Formula = (ATM straddle price x 0.6) + (1st OTM strangle price x 0.3) + (2nd OTM strangle price x 0.1)
We interpolate the exact difference based on the neighboring strikes at the binary expected move distance using the TastyTrade method, and compare the interpolated call and put prices at this specific point.
🔹 - Why is there a slight difference between the displayed data and my live brokerage data?
There are two reasons for this, and one is beyond our control.
◎ Option-data update frequency:
According to TradingView's regulations and guidelines, we can update external data a maximum of 5 times per day. We strive to use these updates in the most optimal way:
(1st update) 15 minutes after U.S. market open
(2nd, 3rd, 4th updates) 1.5–3 hours during U.S. market open hours
(5th update) 10 minutes before U.S. market close.
You don’t need to refresh your window, our last refreshed data-pack is always automatically applied to your indicator, and you can see the time elapsed since the last update at the bottom of the corner on daily TF.
◎ Brokerage Calculation Differences:
Every brokerage has slight differences in how they calculate metrics like IV and IVx. If you open three windows for TOS, TastyTrade, and IBKR side by side, you will notice that the values are minimally different. We had to choose a standard, so we use the formulas and mathematical models described by TastyTrade when analyzing the options chain and drawing conclusions.
🔹 - EOD data:
The indicator always displays end-of-day (EOD) data for IVR, IV, and CALL/PUT pricing skew. During trading hours, it shows the current values for the ongoing day with each update, and at market close, these values become final. From that point on, the data is considered EOD, provided the day confirms as a closed daily candle.
🔹 - U.S. market only:
Since we only deal with liquid option chains: this option indicator only works for the USA options market and do not include future contracts; we have implemented each selected symbol individually.
Disclaimer:
Our option indicator uses approximately 15min-3 hour delayed option market snapshot data to calculate the main option metrics. Exact realtime option contract prices are never displayed; only derived metrics and interpolated delta are shown to ensure accurate and consistent visualization. Due to the above, this indicator can only be used for decision support; exclusive decisions cannot be made based on this indicator. We reserve the right to make errors.This indicator is designed for options traders who understand what they are doing. It assumes that they are familiar with options and can make well-informed, independent decisions. We work with public data and are not a data provider; therefore, we do not bear any financial or other liability.
Trend, Momentum and Price value analysis Extended [deepakks444]Trend, Momentum, and Price Value Analysis Extended
This Pine Script™ indicator is designed to offer traders a comprehensive overview of price trends, momentum, and market strength through the use of several widely-recognized technical analysis tools. The indicator integrates multiple signals and plots directly on the chart, as well as a customizable table to help visually organize and interpret the data. Here’s an overview of the key features included:
Key Features:
VWAP (Volume-Weighted Average Price): Calculates the average price weighted by volume to give insight into whether the price is above or below the market's fair value.
Alligator Indicator: Uses a combination of three moving averages (jaw, teeth, and lips) to help identify trending conditions.
Supertrend: A trend-following indicator that signals potential buy or sell opportunities based on price movements relative to a dynamically calculated support/resistance line.
20-period Moving Average (MA): A basic moving average to smooth out price data and highlight the underlying trend.
MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence): Helps identify changes in the strength, direction, and momentum of a trend.
Volume with Moving Average: Compares current volume against its moving average to identify potential volume spikes.
RSI (Relative Strength Index): Measures the speed and change of price movements, signaling overbought or oversold conditions.
ADX (Average Directional Index): An indicator used to quantify trend strength, helping traders determine whether the market is trending or in a range.
Pivot Points: Calculates daily pivot points and identifies support and resistance levels based on price movements.
Bollinger Bands: A volatility indicator that uses standard deviation to highlight potential overbought or oversold conditions.
Customization Options:
Modify the length of the price and volume moving averages.
Adjust RSI thresholds for buy and sell signals.
Set the thresholds for ADX to differentiate between weak, average, and strong trends.
Toggle the visibility of the 20-period MA and Supertrend on the chart.
Choose to display the percentage difference between the current price and indicator values in the table.
Table Display:
The indicator includes a table that summarizes the status of all signals, showing:
Signal (Buy/Sell/Neutral): Based on each indicator's interpretation of price action.
Percentage Difference: Optional display of how far the price is from the reference level (e.g., the difference between the price and VWAP, Supertrend line, or Moving Average).
The table allows traders to quickly assess the current market conditions across several indicators in one place, making it easier to gauge overall market sentiment.
Signal Logic:
This indicator uses a scoring system to calculate the percentage of indicators signaling a buy or sell. If the buy or sell score reaches 70% or higher, the indicator will plot buy or sell signals on the chart. The combined signal logic is displayed in the table as "Buy," "Sell," or "No Signal," based on the majority of the contributing indicators.
Intended Use:
This tool is designed to assist traders in their technical analysis by consolidating multiple popular indicators into one script. It provides a clear visual representation of various market signals, helping traders to make informed decisions about potential trade entries and exits. However, this indicator is for educational purposes and should not be used as financial advice. Traders should always use proper risk management and conduct their own research before making any trading decisions.
Disclaimer: This script is for educational purposes only and does not constitute financial advice. Trading involves risk, and past performance of an indicator does not guarantee future results. Please use it alongside proper risk management practices.
RSI Pulsar [QuantraSystems]RSI Pulsar
Introduction
The RSI Pulsar is an advanced and multifaceted tool designed to cater to the varying needs of traders, from long-term swing traders to higher-frequency day traders. This indicator takes the Relative Strength Index (RSI) to new heights by combining several unique methodologies to provide clear, actionable signals across different market conditions. With its ability to analyze impulsive trend strength, volatility, and binary market direction, the RSI Pulsar offers a holistic view of the market that assists traders in identifying robust signals and rotational opportunities within a volatile market.
The integration of dynamic color coding further aids in quick visual assessments, allowing traders to adapt swiftly to changing market conditions, making the RSI Pulsar an essential component in the arsenal of modern traders aiming for precision and adaptability in their trading endeavors.
Legend
The RSI Pulsar encapsulates various modes tailored to diverse trading strategies. The different modes are the:
Impulse Mode:
Focuses on strong outperformance, ideal for capturing movements in highly dynamic tokens.
Trend Following Mode:
A classical perpetual trend-following approach and provides binary long and short signal classifications ideal for medium term swing trading.
Ribbon Mode:
Offers quicker signals that are also binary in nature. Perfect for a confirmation signal when building higher frequency day trading systems.
Volatility Spectrum:
This feature projects a visual 'cloud' representing volatility, which helps traders spot emerging trends and potential breakouts or reversals.
Compressed Mode:
A condensed view that displays all signals in a clean and space-efficient manner. It provides a clear summary of market conditions, ideal for traders who prefer a simplified overview.
Methodology
The RSI Pulsar is built on a foundation of dynamic RSI analysis, where the traditional RSI is enhanced with advanced moving averages and standard deviation calculations. Each mode within the RSI Pulsar is designed to cater to specific aspects of the market's behavior, making it a versatile tool allowing traders to select different modes based on their trading style and market conditions.
Impulse Mode:
This mode identifies strong outperformance in assets, making it ideal for asset rotation systems. It uses a combination of RSI thresholds and dynamic moving averages to pinpoint when an asset is not just trending positively, but doing so with significant strength.
This is in contrast to typical usage of a base RSI, where elevated levels usually signal overbought and oversold periods. The RSI Pulsar flips this logic, where more extreme values are actually interpreted as a strong trend.
Trend Following Mode:
Here, the RSI is compared to the midline (the default is level 50, but a dynamic midline can also be set), to determine the prevailing trend. This mode simplifies the trend-following process, providing clear bullish or bearish signals based on whether the RSI is above or below the midline - whether a fixed or dynamic level.
Ribbon Mode:
This mode employs a series of calculated values derived from modified Heikin-Ashi smoothing to create a "ribbon" that smooths out price action and highlights underlying trends. The Ribbon Mode is particularly useful for traders who need quick confirmations of trend reversals or continuations.
Volatility Spectrum:
The Volatility Spectrum takes a unique approach to measuring market volatility by analyzing the size and direction of Heikin-Ashi candles. This data is used to create a volatility cloud that helps traders identify when volatility is rising, falling, or neutral - allowing them to adjust their strategies accordingly.
When the signal line breaks above the cloud, it signals increasing upwards volatility. When it breaks below it signifies increasing downwards volatility.
This can be used to help identify strengthening and weakening trends, as well as imminent volatile periods, allowing traders to position themselves and adapt their strategies accordingly. This mode also works as a great volatility filter for shorter term day trading strategies. It is incredibly sensitive to volatility divergences, and can give additional insights to larger market turning points.
Compressed Mode:
In Compressed Mode, all the signals from the various modes are displayed in a simplified format, making it easy for traders to quickly assess the market's overall condition without needing to delve into the details of each mode individually. Perfect for only viewing the exact data you need when live trading, or back testing.
Case Study I:
Utilizing ALMA Impulse Mode in High-Volatility Environments
Here, the RSI Pulsar is configured with an RSI length of 9 and an ALMA length of 2 in Impulse Mode. The chart example shows how this setup can identify significant price movements, allowing traders to enter positions early and capture substantial price moves. Despite the fast settings resulting in occasional false signals, the indicator's ability to catch and ride out major trends more than compensates, making it highly effective in volatile environments.
This configuration is suitable for traders seeking to trade quick, aggressive movements without enduring prolonged drawdowns. In Impulse Mode, the RSI Pulsar seeks strong trending zones, providing actionable signals that allow for timely entries and exits.
Case Study II:
SMMA Trend Following Mode for Ratio Analysis
The RSI Pulsar in Trend Following mode, configured with the SMMA with default length settings. This setup is ideal for analyzing longer-term trends, particularly useful in cryptocurrency pairs or ratio charts, where it’s crucial to identify robust directional moves. The chart showcases strong trends in the Solana/Ethereum pair. The RSI Pulsar’s ability to smooth out price action while remaining responsive to trend changes makes it an excellent tool for capturing extended price moves.
The image highlights how the RSI Pulsar efficiently tracks the strength of two tokens against each other, providing clear signals when one asset begins to outperform the other. Even in volatile markets, the SMMA ensures that the signals are reliable, filtering out noise and allowing traders to stay in the trend longer without being shaken out by minor corrections. This approach is particularly effective in ratio trading in order to inform a longer term swing trader of the strongest asset out of a customized pair.
Case Study III:
Monthly Analysis with RSI Pulsar in Ribbon Mode
This case study demonstrates the versatility and reliability of the RSI Pulsar in Ribbon mode, applied to a monthly chart of Bitcoin with an RSI length of 8 and a TEMA length of 14. This setup highlights the indicator’s robustness across multiple timeframes, extending even to long-term analysis. The RSI Pulsar effectively smooths out noise while capturing significant trends, as seen during Bitcoin bull markets. The Ribbon mode provides a clear visual representation of momentum shifts, making it easier for traders to identify trend continuations and reversals with confidence.
Case Study IV:
Divergences and Continuations with the Volatility Spectrum
Identifying harmony/divergences can be hit-or-miss at times, but this unique analysis method definitely has its merits at times. The RSI Pulsar, with its Volatility Spectrum feature, is used here to identify critical moments where price action either aligns with or diverges from the underlying volatility. As seen in the Bitcoin chart (using default settings), the indicator highlights areas where price trends either continue in harmony with volatility or diverge, signaling potential reversals. This method, while not always perfect, provides significant insight during key turning points in the market.
The Volatility Spectrum's visual representation of rising and falling volatility, combined with divergence and harmony analysis, enables traders to anticipate significant shifts in market dynamics. In this case, multiple divergences correctly identified early trend reversals, while periods of harmony indicated strong trend continuations. While this method requires careful interpretation, especially during complex market conditions, it offers valuable signals that can be pivotal in making informed trading decisions, especially if combined with other forms of analysis it can form a critical component of an investing system.
Adaptive Volatility-Controlled LSMA [QuantAlgo]Adaptive Volatility-Controlled LSMA by QuantAlgo 📈💫
Introducing the Adaptive Volatility-Controlled LSMA (Least Squares Moving Average) , a powerful trend-following indicator that combines trend detection with dynamic volatility adjustments. This indicator is designed to help traders and investors identify market trends while accounting for price volatility, making it suitable for a wide range of assets and timeframes. By integrating LSMA for trend analysis and Average True Range (ATR) for volatility control, this tool provides clearer signals during both trending and volatile market conditions.
💡 Core Concept and Innovation
The Adaptive Volatility-Controlled LSMA leverages the precision of the LSMA to track market trends and combines it with the sensitivity of the ATR to account for market volatility. LSMA fits a linear regression line to price data, providing a smoothed trend line that is less reactive to short-term noise. The ATR, on the other hand, dynamically adjusts the volatility bands around the LSMA, allowing the indicator to filter out false signals and respond to significant price moves. This combination provides traders with a reliable tool to identify trend shifts while managing risk in volatile markets.
📊 Technical Breakdown and Calculations
The indicator consists of the following components:
1. Least Squares Moving Average (LSMA): The LSMA calculates a linear regression line over a defined period to smooth out price fluctuations and reveal the underlying trend. It is more reactive to recent data than traditional moving averages, allowing for quicker trend detection.
2. ATR-Based Volatility Bands: The Average True Range (ATR) measures market volatility and creates upper and lower bands around the LSMA. These bands expand and contract based on market conditions, helping traders identify when price movements are significant enough to indicate a new trend.
3. Volatility Extensions: To further account for rapid market changes, the bands are extended using additional volatility measures. This ensures that trend signals are generated when price movements exceed both the standard volatility range and the extended volatility range.
⚙️ Step-by-Step Calculation:
1. LSMA Calculation: The LSMA is computed using a least squares regression method over a user-defined length. This provides a trend line that adapts to recent price movements while smoothing out noise.
2. ATR and Volatility Bands: ATR is calculated over a user-defined length and is multiplied by a factor to create upper and lower bands around the LSMA. These bands help detect when price movements are substantial enough to signal a new trend.
3. Trend Detection: The price’s relationship to the LSMA and the volatility bands is used to determine trend direction. If the price crosses above the upper volatility band, a bullish trend is detected. Conversely, a cross below the lower band indicates a bearish trend.
✅ Customizable Inputs and Features:
The Adaptive Volatility-Controlled LSMA offers a variety of customizable options to suit different trading or investing styles:
📈 Trend Settings:
1. LSMA Length: Adjust the length of the LSMA to control its sensitivity to price changes. A shorter length reacts quickly to new data, while a longer length smooths the trend line.
2. Price Source: Choose the type of price (e.g., close, high, low) that the LSMA uses to calculate trends, allowing for different interpretations of price data.
🌊 Volatility Controls:
ATR Length and Multiplier: Adjust the length and sensitivity of the ATR to control how volatility is measured. A higher ATR multiplier widens the bands, making the trend detection less sensitive, while a lower multiplier tightens the bands, increasing sensitivity.
🎨 Visualization and Alerts:
1. Bar Coloring: Customize bar colors to visually distinguish between uptrends and downtrends.
2. Volatility Bands: Enable or disable the display of volatility bands on the chart. The bands provide visual cues about trend strength and volatility thresholds.
3. Alerts: Set alerts for when the price crosses the upper or lower volatility bands, signaling potential trend changes.
📈 Practical Applications
The Adaptive Volatility-Controlled LSMA is ideal for traders and investors looking to follow trends while accounting for market volatility. Its key use cases include:
Identifying Trend Reversals: The indicator detects when price movements break through volatility bands, signaling potential trend reversals.
Filtering Market Noise: By applying ATR-based volatility filtering, the indicator helps reduce false signals caused by short-term price fluctuations.
Managing Risk: The volatility bands adjust dynamically to account for market conditions, helping traders manage risk and improve the accuracy of their trend-following strategies.
⭐️ Summary
The Adaptive Volatility-Controlled LSMA by QuantAlgo offers a robust and flexible approach to trend detection and volatility management. Its combination of LSMA and ATR creates clearer, more reliable signals, making it a valuable tool for navigating trending and volatile markets. Whether you're detecting trend shifts or filtering market noise, this indicator provides the tools you need to enhance your trading and investing strategy.
Note: The Adaptive Volatility-Controlled LSMA is a tool to enhance market analysis. It should be used in conjunction with other analytical tools and should not be relied upon as the sole basis for trading or investment decisions. No signals or indicators constitute financial advice, and past performance is not indicative of future results.
Adaptive SuperTrend Oscillator [AlgoAlpha]Adaptive SuperTrend Oscillator 🤖📈
Introducing the Adaptive SuperTrend Oscillator , an innovative blend of volatility clustering and SuperTrend logic designed to identify market trends with precision! 🚀 This indicator uses K-Means clustering to dynamically adjust volatility levels, helping traders spot bullish and bearish trends. The oscillator smoothly tracks price movements, adapting to market conditions for reliable signals. Whether you're scalping or riding long-term trends, this tool has got you covered! 💹✨
🔑 Key Features:
📊 Volatility Clustering with K-Means: Segments volatility into three levels (high, medium, low) using a K-Means algorithm for precise trend detection.
📈 Normalized Oscillator : Allows for customizable smoothing and normalization, ensuring the oscillator remains within a fixed range for easy interpretation.
🔄 Heiken Ashi Candles : Optionally visualize smoothed trends with Heiken Ashi-style candlesticks to better capture market momentum.
🔔 Alert System : Get notified when key conditions like trend shifts or volatility changes occur.
🎨 Customizable Appearance : Fully customizable colors for bullish/bearish signals, along with adjustable smoothing methods and lengths.
📚 How to Use:
⭐ Add the indicator to favorites by pressing the star icon. Customize settings to your preference:
👀 Watch the chart for trend signals and reversals. The oscillator will change color when trends shift, offering visual confirmation.
🔔 Enable alerts to be notified of critical trend changes or volatility conditions
⚙️ How It Works:
This script integrates SuperTrend with volatility clustering by analyzing ATR (Average True Range) to dynamically identify high, medium, and low volatility clusters using a K-Means algorithm . The SuperTrend logic adjusts based on the assigned volatility level, creating adaptive trend signals. These signals are then smoothed and optionally normalized for clearer visual interpretation. The Heiken Ashi transformation adds an additional layer of smoothing, helping traders better identify the market's true momentum. Alerts are set to notify users of key trend shifts and volatility changes, allowing traders to react promptly.
Implied Volatility WallsThe Implied Volatility Walls (IVW) indicator is a powerful and advanced trading tool designed to help traders identify key market zones where price may encounter significant resistance or support based on volatility. Using implied volatility, historical volatility, and machine learning models, IVW provides traders with a comprehensive understanding of market dynamics. This indicator is especially useful for those who wish to forecast volatility-driven price movements and adjust their trading strategies accordingly.
How the Implied Volatility Walls (IVW) Works:
The Implied Volatility Walls (IVW) indicator uses a combination of historical price data and advanced machine learning algorithms to calculate key volatility levels and forecast future market conditions. It tracks cumulative volatility, identifies support and resistance zones, and detects liquidation bubbles to highlight critical price areas.
The main concept behind this tool is that price tends to move most of the time by the same amount, making it possible to average the past maximum excursion in order to obtain a validated area where traders can be able to see clearly that the price is moving more than normal.
This indicator primarily focuses on:
1. Volatility Zones: Potential support and resistance levels based on implied and historical volatility.
2. Machine Learning Volatility Forecast: A machine learning model that predicts high, medium, or low volatility for future market conditions.
3. Liquidation Detection: Highlights key areas of potential forced liquidations, where market participants may be forced out of their positions, often leading to significant price movements.
4. Backtesting and Win Rate: The indicator continuously monitors how effective its volatility-based predictions are, offering insights into the performance of its predictions.
Key Features:
1. Volatility Tracking:
- The IVW indicator calculates cumulative volatility by analyzing the range between the high and low prices over time. It also tracks volatility percentiles and separates the market conditions into high, medium, or low volatility zones, enabling traders to gauge how volatile the market is.
2. Volatility Walls (Upper and Lower Zones):
- Upper Volatility Wall (Red Zones): Represent resistance levels where the price might encounter difficulty moving higher due to excess in volatility. This zone is calculated based on the chosen percentile in the settings.
- Lower Volatility Wall (Blue Zones): Represent support levels where price may find buying support.
- These walls help traders visualize potential zones where reversals or breakouts could occur based on volatility conditions.
3. Machine Learning Forecast:
- One of the standout features of the IVW indicator is its machine learning algorithm that estimates future volatility levels. It categorizes volatility into high, medium, and low based on recent data and provides forecasts on what the next market condition is likely to be.
- This forecast helps traders anticipate market conditions and adapt their strategies accordingly. It is displayed on the chart as "Exp. Vol", providing insight into the future expected volatility.
4. VIX Adjustments:
- The indicator can be adjusted using the well-known **VIX (Volatility Index)** to further refine its volatility predictions. This enables traders to incorporate market sentiment into their analysis, improving the accuracy of the predictions for different market conditions.
5. Liquidation Bubbles:
- The Liquidation Bubbles feature highlights areas where large forced selling or buying events may occur, which are usually accompanied by spikes in volatility and volume. These bubbles appear when price deviates significantly from moving averages with substantial volume increases, alerting traders to potential volatile moves.
- Red dots indicate likely forced liquidations on the upside, and blue dots indicate forced liquidations on the downside. These bubbles can help traders spot moments of market stress and potential price swings due to liquidations.
6. Dynamic Volatility Zones:
- IVW dynamically adjusts support and resistance levels as market conditions evolve. This allows traders to always have up-to-date and relevant information based on the latest volatility patterns.
7. Cumulative Volatility Histogram:
- At the bottom of the chart, the purple histogram represents cumulative volatility over time, giving traders a visual cue of whether volatility is building up or subsiding. This can provide early signals of market transitions from low to high volatility, aiding traders in timing their entries and exits more accurately.
8. Backtesting and Win Rate:
- The IVW indicator includes a backtesting function that monitors the success of its volatility predictions over a selected period. It shows a Win Rate (WR) percentage (with 33% meaning that the machine learning algorithm does not bring any edge), representing how often the indicator's predictions were correct. This metric is crucial for assessing the reliability of the model’s forecasts.
9. Opening Range:
- At the beginning of a new session, the indicator will plot two lines indicating the high and the low of the first candle of the new time frame chosen.
Chart Breakdown:
Below is a description of what users see when using the Implied Volatility Walls (IVW) indicator on the chart:
Volatility Walls:
- Red shaded zones at the top represent upper volatility walls (resistance zones), while blue shaded zones at the bottom represent lower volatility walls (support zones). These areas show where price is likely to react due to high or low volatility conditions.
Liquidation Bubbles:
- Red and blue dots plotted above and below the price represent **liquidation bubbles**, indicating moments of market stress where volatility and volume spikes may force market participants to exit positions.
Cumulative Volatility Histogram:
- The purple histogram at the bottom of the chart reflects the buildup of cumulative volatility over time. Higher bars suggest increased volatility, signaling the potential for large price movements, while smaller bars represent calmer market conditions.
Real-Time Support and Resistance Levels:
- Solid and dashed lines represent current and historical support and resistance levels, helping traders identify price zones that have historically acted as volatility-driven turning points.
Gradient Bar Colors:
- The price bars change color based on their proximity to the volatility walls, with different colors representing how close the price is to these key levels. This color gradient provides a quick visual cue of potential market turning points.
Data Tables Explained:
Table 1: **Volatility Information Table (Top Right Corner):
- EV: Expected Volatility (based on the VIX FIX calculation from Larry Williams).
- +V and -V: Represents the adjusted volatility for upward (+V) and downward (-V) movements.
- Exp. Vol: Shows the expected volatility condition for the next period (High, Medium, or Low) based on the machine learning algorithm.
- WR: The Win Rate based on the backtesting of previous volatility predictions (three outcomes, so base Win rate is 33%, and not 50%).
Table 2: Expected Cumulative Range (Top Right Corner of the separated pane):
- Exp. CR: Expected Cumulative Range based on a machine learning algorithm that calculate the most likely outcome (cumulative range) based on the past days and metrics.
How to Use the Indicator:
1. Identify Key Support and Resistance Levels:
- Use the upper (red) and lower (blue) volatility walls to identify zones where the price is likely to face resistance or support due to volatility dynamics.
2. Forecast Future Volatility:
- Pay attention to the Expected Vol field in the table to understand whether the machine learning model predicts high, medium, or low volatility for the next trading session.
3. Monitor Liquidation Bubbles:
- Watch for red and blue bubbles as they can signal significant market events where volatility and volume spikes may lead to sudden price reversals or continuations.
4. Use the Histogram to Gauge Market Conditions:
- The cumulative volatility histogram shows whether the market is entering a high or low volatility phase, helping you adjust your risk accordingly and making you able to identify the potential of the rest of the chosen session.
5. Backtesting Confidence:
- The Win Rate (WR) provides insight into how reliable the indicator’s predictions have been over the backtested period, giving you additional confidence in its future forecasts, remember that considering the 3 scenarios possible (high volatility, medium and low volatility), the standard win rate is 33%, and not 50%!.
Final Notes:
The Implied Volatility Walls (IVW) indicator is a powerful tool for volatility-based analysis, providing traders with real-time data on potential support and resistance levels, liquidation bubbles, and future market conditions. By leveraging a machine learning model for volatility forecasting, this tool helps traders stay ahead of the market’s volatility patterns and make informed decisions.
Disclaimer: This tool is for educational purposes only and should not be solely relied upon for trading decisions. Always perform your own research and risk management when trading.
Sector Daily Gain/Loss TableOverview: The "Sector Daily Gain/Loss Table" is a custom TradingView indicator designed to display the daily percentage changes in selected cryptocurrency sectors. This indicator provides a comprehensive view of the performance of various cryptocurrencies organized into specific sectors, helping traders and analysts to make informed decisions based on sector performance.
Key Features:
Dynamic Data Retrieval: The indicator retrieves daily closing prices for multiple cryptocurrencies across different exchanges (Binance and Bybit) using the request.security function. This allows users to monitor real-time price movements.
Sectors Covered:
BTC Sector: Includes Bitcoin (BTC).
ETH Sector: Includes Ethereum (ETH).
RWA Sector: Comprises various assets such as OM, ONDO, POLYX, SNX, PENDLE, and HIFI.
L1/L2 Sector: Features major Layer 1 and Layer 2 solutions including ETH, BNB, SOL, XRP, TON, ADA, AVAX, DOT, SUI, APT, ICP, POL, and more.
MEME Sector: Showcases popular meme coins like DOGE, SHIB, PEPE, WIF, BONK, FLOKI, ORDI, BOME, and NEIRO, along with MEW and POPCAT from Bybit.
AI Sector: Highlights AI-related tokens such as TAO, FET, GRT, THETA, WLD, and TURBO.
DEFI Sector: Displays decentralized finance projects including UNI, AAVE, INJ, RUNE, MKR, JUP, LDO, PENDLE, CAKE, LUNA, RAY, OSMO, KAVA, and RSR.
Average Gain/Loss Calculations: For each sector, the indicator calculates the average percentage change in price based on the included cryptocurrencies, offering insights into sector-wide performance trends.
Table Display: The performance metrics are presented in a clean and organized table format on the TradingView chart, providing easy access to vital information for traders.
User-Friendly Design: The table is designed to be visually appealing and informative, with color coding and clear labeling for each sector and its corresponding percentage change.
Usage: Traders can utilize this indicator to quickly assess the performance of various cryptocurrency sectors and make informed trading decisions based on the daily changes in sector performance.
ATR with Donchian Channels and SMAsThis script combines the Average True Range (ATR), Donchian Channels, and Simple Moving Averages (SMAs) to provide a comprehensive tool for volatility and trend analysis.
Key Components:
ATR Calculation: The ATR is used to measure market volatility. It is calculated as a moving average of the true range over a specified length, which you can customize using different smoothing methods: RMA, SMA, EMA, or WMA. ATR helps identify periods of high and low volatility, giving insights into potential breakout or consolidation phases in the market.
Donchian Channels on ATR: The Donchian Channels are calculated based on the highest and lowest values of the ATR over a user-defined period. The upper and lower bands provide a volatility range, and the middle line represents the average of the two. This can help visualize the range of market volatility and detect possible trend reversals or continuations.
SMAs on ATR: Two Simple Moving Averages (SMA) are applied to the ATR values. These SMAs act as a smoothed version of the ATR, providing additional insight into volatility trends. By adjusting the length of these SMAs, you can track short-term and long-term volatility movements, helping in decision-making for potential entries and exits.
Inputs:
ATR Length: Set the length for calculating the ATR.
Smoothing Method: Choose from RMA, SMA, EMA, or WMA for smoothing the ATR calculation.
Donchian Channel Length: Set the length for calculating the highest and lowest ATR values for Donchian Channels.
SMA Lengths: Two adjustable lengths for applying SMAs to the ATR.
Visualization:
ATR Plot: The ATR is plotted in red, allowing you to see the market's volatility at a glance.
Donchian Channels: Blue lines represent the upper and lower bands, while the green line represents the middle line of the Donchian Channels, helping you visualize the volatility range.
SMAs: Two SMAs (green and orange) are plotted to smooth out the ATR and identify trends in volatility.
Use Cases:
Breakout Detection: High ATR values breaking out of the Donchian Channels may signal increased volatility and a potential breakout.
Trend Analysis: SMAs on ATR help smooth volatility trends, aiding in determining if the market is entering a more volatile or stable period.
Stop-Loss Placement: ATR and Donchian Channels can be used to set dynamic stop-loss levels based on market volatility.
This script is versatile and can be used across different asset classes, such as stocks, forex, crypto, and commodities. It is especially useful for traders who want to incorporate volatility into their trading strategies for better risk management and trend detection.
OmniSoftwareIntroduction:
The OmniSoftware Indicator is an exclusive, invite-only tool meticulously designed for traders seeking to enhance their market insights and improve their trading strategies. This premium indicator combines multiple advanced techniques to offer users not only clear trend signals and market zones but also cutting-edge features like adaptive oscillators and customizable alerts. By integrating features typically found in various standalone indicators, OmniSoftware becomes a multi-purpose, all-in-one trading tool.
This invite-only script adheres strictly to TradingView's guidelines for invite-only indicators and is designed to provide superior functionality without revealing its underlying code or proprietary logic. If you’re looking for a powerful edge in volatile markets, OmniSoftware is the tool you need in your arsenal.
Key Features:
1. Dual Display Modes: SuperTrend Zones & Deviation Bands
OmniSoftware provides traders with the ability to switch between two key modes:
SuperTrend Zones: This mode dynamically adjusts to market conditions, highlighting areas where the trend is either strengthening or weakening. These zones are ideal for capturing trend continuations and potential reversals with a high degree of confidence. Unlike traditional trend indicators, OmniSoftware's SuperTrend Zones are enhanced with adaptive algorithms that respond to market volatility, ensuring that false signals are minimized.
Deviation Bands: In this mode, the indicator uses custom deviation bands based on statistical deviations from a moving average. These bands help identify extreme price levels, providing insight into potential mean-reversion opportunities. The Deviation Bands mode is particularly useful for identifying overbought and oversold conditions, capturing reversal points that standard deviation-based tools often miss.
2. Adaptive Z-Score Oscillator
At the heart of OmniSoftware is its unique Z-Score Oscillator, which is far more advanced than traditional Z-Score implementations. This oscillator:
Tracks volatility extremes by analyzing price movements relative to their historical averages.
Adapts dynamically to market conditions, automatically adjusting its sensitivity based on recent volatility. This ensures that the oscillator remains accurate even in rapidly changing markets.
Highlights overbought and oversold conditions, signaling potential reversal areas with unprecedented precision.
Unlike typical oscillators, which remain static and fail to adapt to changing market volatility, OmniSoftware's Z-Score Oscillator adjusts itself using advanced mathematical models to ensure relevance and accuracy in both high- and low-volatility environments. This provides users with a real-time gauge of potential turning points in the market, making it an invaluable tool for timing entries and exits.
3. Enhanced Trend Detection
The OmniSoftware Indicator uses a dual VWAP (Volume Weighted Average Price) calculation to gauge market trends. By analyzing volume data alongside price, it effectively filters out noise and delivers a reliable trend assessment. The result is a system that provides:
Clear visual representation of uptrends (blue candles) and downtrends (red candles).
Neutral zones (purple candles) when the market is consolidating or lacks clear direction.
This combination of price and volume ensures that the trends identified by OmniSoftware are robust and meaningful, giving traders the confidence to follow or fade the trend as appropriate.
4. Proprietary Signal Detection System
OmniSoftware’s advanced signal detection system is designed to generate high-confidence buy and sell signals:
Long signals are shown as diamonds below the price when market conditions suggest an optimal buying opportunity.
Short signals appear as diamonds above the price when a short trade may be more favorable.
These signals are backed by a unique blend of volume analysis, trend strength, and the indicator’s proprietary algorithms. The indicator differentiates between "full" and "partial" signals based on whether all conditions align for a high-probability trade. Additionally, the signals are further validated by volume trends, ensuring traders are only notified when significant market movements are expected.
5. Custom Alerts and Conditions
To help traders stay ahead of the market, OmniSoftware includes an extensive range of customizable alerts:
Price In Zone: Alerts are triggered when the price enters key SuperTrend or Deviation Band zones, providing traders with real-time information about critical market levels.
New Trigger Alerts: Automatically alert users when a new buy or sell signal is generated, allowing traders to act immediately on emerging opportunities.
Full Long/Short Signal Alerts: When all criteria are met for a high-probability long or short signal, the indicator triggers an alert, ensuring you’re never out of sync with the market’s most important moves.
These alerts are fully customizable, allowing traders to tailor them according to their specific strategies. Whether you're trading breakouts, reversals, or trend continuations, OmniSoftware’s alert system ensures you won’t miss an opportunity.
Customization & Flexibility
OmniSoftware is designed with the flexibility to suit a wide range of trading styles and preferences. Key customization features include:
Color Schemes: Traders can customize the color schemes for uptrend, downtrend, and neutral zones, allowing for a personalized trading experience.
Transparency Control: Adjust the transparency of plotted zones and bands to enhance chart readability while maintaining focus on essential areas.
Precision and Aesthetic Adjustments: Fine-tune the precision of price levels and zone representations to match your specific requirements.
Use Cases:
Trend Traders:
OmniSoftware is perfect for trend-following strategies, providing clear, reliable signals that help traders identify entry points within established trends. The combination of SuperTrend Zones and VWAP trend analysis ensures that traders can catch both early-stage and continuation trends.
Reversal Traders:
The Deviation Bands and Z-Score Oscillator are invaluable tools for reversal traders. By identifying overbought and oversold conditions with high accuracy, OmniSoftware enables traders to anticipate reversals at extreme price levels, offering prime opportunities for countertrend trades.
Breakout Traders:
With its ability to detect and highlight key price zones, OmniSoftware helps breakout traders identify areas where the price is likely to break out of a consolidation pattern or key level. The inclusion of volume-based confirmations ensures that breakouts are backed by significant market participation.
Compliance with TradingView’s Guidelines:
As per TradingView's rules and guidelines for invite-only scripts:
No Source Code Disclosure: OmniSoftware is an invite-only script, meaning the underlying code and logic are proprietary and are not shared with users.
Detailed Description: The description provided here gives a comprehensive overview of the indicator’s functionality and its unique features without revealing any proprietary formulas or exact coding details.
No Unauthorized Use: Access to this script is restricted to users with permission, maintaining compliance with TradingView's guidelines on intellectual property and the responsible sharing of scripts.
Proper Attribution: OmniSoftware is the intellectual property of OmegaTools, and all usage rights are governed by the terms provided upon invitation. Unauthorized sharing or distribution of this script is prohibited.
Conclusion:
The OmniSoftware Indicator offers an advanced suite of tools that not only track price and volume trends but also provide a comprehensive market view by analyzing volatility extremes, identifying key price zones, and delivering high-accuracy signals for both trend and reversal strategies. This is not your average trading indicator; OmniSoftware combines the best aspects of multiple indicators into a single, cohesive tool designed to give you a competitive edge in any market.
Traders who use OmniSoftware benefit from its robust, adaptive algorithms that adjust to market volatility, ensuring that signals remain relevant and reliable. Whether you are a novice or an experienced trader, the OmniSoftware Indicator is engineered to elevate your trading experience to the next level.
Disclaimer: This script is available on an invite-only basis and is for educational purposes only. Trading carries risk, and users should perform their own due diligence before making any trading decisions. OmegaTools does not guarantee profit and is not responsible for any trading losses that may occur from using this script.
Risk RewardThe Risk Reward indicator, developed by OmegaTools, is a versatile technical tool designed to help traders visualize and evaluate potential reward and risk levels in their trades. By comparing recent price action against moving averages and volatility deviations, it calculates a range-weighted assessment of upside reward and downside risk. It provides a clear, color-coded visual representation of these potential ranges, along with critical support and resistance levels to aid in trade decision-making. This indicator is ideal for traders seeking to optimize their risk-reward ratio and make informed trade management decisions.
Features
Reward and Risk Visualization: Provides a histogram showing the relative potential of upside reward versus downside risk based on current price action.
Dynamic Support and Resistance Levels: Calculates and plots key price levels based on extreme of historical volatility, helping traders to identify important price zones.
Trade Size Customization: Users can adjust the trade size, and the indicator will calculate and display the estimated risk and reward in monetary terms based on the contract value.
Adaptive Volatility Extensions: Automatically adjusts extension lines based on volume, helping traders anticipate future price ranges and potential breakouts or breakdowns.
Customizable Visuals: Allows users to personalize the color scheme for bullish and bearish scenarios, making the chart more intuitive and user-friendly.
User Guide
Trade Size (size): Adjust the trade size in units (default is 1). This parameter impacts the risk and reward calculation shown in the summary table.
Length (lnt): Set the length for the exponential moving average (EMA) and the highest/lowest price calculations. This length determines the sensitivity of the indicator.
Different Visual (down): A boolean input to adjust the method for calculating downside risk. When set to true, it uses a different visual scheme.
Bullish Color (upc): Customize the color of the bullish (upside) histogram and support levels.
Bearish Color (dnc): Customize the color of the bearish (downside) histogram and resistance levels.
Plots
First Probability: Displays a histogram representing the higher value between reward and risk. It is colored according to whether the upside or downside is greater, providing a clear signal for potential trade direction.
Second Probability: A secondary histogram plot that visualizes the lower value between reward and risk, offering an additional perspective on the trade’s risk-reward balance.
Low Level/High Level: Displays dynamic support and resistance levels based on historical price data and volatility deviations.
Extension Lines: Visualize potential future price levels using volatility-adjusted projections. These lines help traders anticipate where price could move based on current conditions.
On-Chart Labels and Risk-Reward Table:
Risk and Reward Calculations: The indicator calculates the monetary value of downside risk and upside reward based on the provided trade size, volatility measures, and price movements.
Risk/Reward Table: Displayed directly on the chart, showing the downside risk and upside reward in easy-to-understand numerical values. This helps traders quickly assess the feasibility of a trade.
How It Works:
Moving Average Comparison: The indicator first calculates the 21-period (default) exponential moving average (EMA). It then compares the current price against this moving average to determine whether the market is in a bullish or bearish phase.
Deviation Calculation: It calculates the average deviation between the price and the EMA for both bullish and bearish movements, which is used to establish dynamic support and resistance levels.
Risk-Reward Calculation: Based on the highest and lowest price levels over the set period and the calculated deviations, it determines the potential upside reward and downside risk. The reward is calculated as the distance between the current price and the upper resistance levels, while the risk is determined as the distance to the lower support levels.
Visual Representation
The indicator plots histograms representing the relative magnitude of potential reward and risk.
Support and resistance levels are dynamically plotted on the chart using circles and lines, helping traders easily spot key areas of interest.
Extension lines are drawn to visualize potential future price levels based on current volatility.
Risk/Reward Table: This feature displays the calculated monetary risk and reward based on the trade size. It updates dynamically with price changes, offering a constant reference point for traders to evaluate their trade setup.
Practical Application
Identify Entry Points: Use the dynamic support and resistance levels to identify ideal trade entry points. The histogram helps determine whether the potential reward justifies the risk.
Risk Management: The calculated downside risk provides traders with an objective view of where to place stop-loss levels, while the upside reward aids in setting profit targets.
Trade Execution: By visually assessing whether reward outweighs risk, traders can make more informed decisions on trade execution, with the risk-reward ratio clearly displayed on the chart.
Best Practices:
Use Alongside Other Indicators: While this indicator offers a powerful standalone tool for assessing risk and reward, it works best when combined with other trend or momentum indicators for confirmation.
Adjust Inputs Based on Market Conditions: Adjust the length and trade size inputs depending on the asset being traded and the time horizon, as different assets may require different sensitivity settings.
BBPCT For Loop | viResearchBBPCT For Loop | viResearch
Conceptual Foundation and Innovation
The "BBPCT For Loop" script is designed to combine Bollinger Bands with a percentage calculation to identify market trends and mean reversion opportunities. Bollinger Bands Percentage (BBPCT) evaluates where the current price stands between the upper and lower bands of Bollinger Bands, providing a more dynamic view of price extremes. This script incorporates a loop-based scoring mechanism that further refines the analysis, giving traders a clearer indication of potential trend shifts or reversion zones.
By incorporating both the BBPCT and a for-loop system, this indicator enhances the ability to spot overbought or oversold conditions, helping traders make more informed decisions based on market momentum.
Technical Composition and Calculation
The "BBPCT For Loop" script uses Bollinger Bands to establish dynamic upper and lower boundaries around price, calculated using standard deviation. Here’s how the core components are structured:
Bollinger Bands Percentage (BBPCT): BBPCT calculates the position of the price relative to the upper and lower Bollinger Bands. This creates a percentage range from 0% to 100%, with values near 0% indicating proximity to the lower band (potentially oversold) and values near 100% signaling closeness to the upper band (potentially overbought).
For-Loop Scoring System: The script employs a loop that iterates over a range of values. For each value, it evaluates whether the BBPCT is above or below a threshold, adjusting the score accordingly. This scoring mechanism helps detect when price action is shifting toward a bullish or bearish trend.
Mean Reversion Zones: The script defines specific "green" and "red" zones based on the BBPCT value. These zones visually highlight potential mean reversion areas where price may reverse direction.
Features and User Inputs
This script offers a variety of customizable inputs that allow traders to fine-tune it for different market conditions:
BBPCT Length: Controls the lookback period for calculating the Bollinger Bands. Adjusting this period affects how reactive the indicator is to price changes.
Standard Deviation Multiplier: This input adjusts the width of the Bollinger Bands, influencing the sensitivity of the BBPCT calculation.
Thresholds: The script includes user-defined thresholds for detecting uptrends and downtrends based on the BBPCT score. Traders can adjust these thresholds to make the indicator more or less sensitive to market shifts.
Bar Coloring: The script optionally colors bars based on detected trends, providing a visual cue for potential bullish or bearish conditions.
Alerts: Alerts are triggered when the BBPCT crosses above or below the user-defined thresholds, notifying traders of potential long or short opportunities.
Practical Applications
The "BBPCT For Loop" script is ideal for traders who employ mean reversion or trend-following strategies. Its application can be particularly effective in:
Spotting Overbought and Oversold Conditions: The BBPCT provides a dynamic measure of where the price is within the Bollinger Bands, helping to detect when the market is approaching an extreme, signaling potential reversion opportunities.
Confirming Trend Shifts: The for-loop scoring mechanism offers a more detailed analysis of whether the market is entering an uptrend or downtrend, helping traders to time their entries or exits more effectively.
Mean Reversion Trading: The inclusion of green and red zones helps highlight areas where the price may be more likely to revert to the mean, providing valuable insight for mean reversion traders.
Advantages and Strategic Value
This script enhances the traditional Bollinger Bands indicator by introducing a loop-based scoring system and mean reversion zones. These additions make the indicator more versatile and adaptable to various trading styles. By dynamically adjusting to market conditions, the BBPCT For Loop helps reduce the risk of false signals and improves the accuracy of identifying overbought or oversold conditions.
Summary and Usage Tips
The "BBPCT For Loop" script is a powerful tool that combines the flexibility of Bollinger Bands with a robust scoring system. Traders can use it to identify overbought or oversold conditions, confirm trend shifts, and improve the timing of trades. Adjust the Bollinger Bands length and standard deviation multiplier based on the asset you're trading to get the best results.
Remember to test the script across different market conditions and timeframes to understand how it performs. Backtests are essential for gauging its effectiveness, but keep in mind that past performance does not guarantee future results.
Trend Confirmation and ASO-based StrategyStrategy Name: Trend Confirmation with EMA, ASO, and ATR Bands Auto-Trading
Purpose:
This strategy aims to enhance trend confirmation and entry point precision by combining multiple technical indicators. Specifically, it uses the 200 EMA for trend confirmation, the Average Sentiment Oscillator (ASO) to capture market sentiment, and ATR bands for risk management. This provides a comprehensive approach to capturing trade opportunities. The strategy emphasizes trend-following trades, reducing noise while keeping risk management simple.
Uniqueness and Usefulness:
Uniqueness:
This strategy stands out because it integrates multiple elements that complement each other for increased effectiveness and originality. Instead of relying on a single indicator, it generates more accurate trading signals by allowing each indicator to work synergistically.
200 EMA: Used to confirm the long-term trend, providing clarity on the trend direction and ensuring trades align with the dominant market trend.
Average Sentiment Oscillator (ASO): Measures market sentiment based on the crossover between the bull and bear lines. Signals are generated only when ASO detects a trend shift, filtering out price fluctuations and noise.
ATR Bands: Evaluates market volatility and sets stop-loss levels upon entry. By using ATR bands, the strategy supports traders in maintaining a fixed stop-loss for risk management.
Each component analyzes the market from a different perspective, and together, they generate reliable signals for trend-following trades. These indicators are not simply combined but are clearly defined in their roles to improve signal quality.
Usefulness:
This strategy is suitable for medium to long-term traders who focus on trend-following. It emphasizes entry during the early stages of a trend and focuses on risk management by offering reliable signals with minimal noise. The combination of ASO and ATR bands allows traders to assess market volatility while setting take profit levels based on a risk-reward ratio. This helps avoid overreacting to short-term price fluctuations and supports sustainable trading practices.
Entry Conditions:
Long Entry:
Condition: Price is above the 200 EMA, and the ASO bull line crosses above the bear line while also exceeding the 50 level.
Signal: A buy signal is generated, indicating the start of an uptrend.
Short Entry:
Condition: Price is below the 200 EMA, and the ASO bear line crosses above the bull line while also exceeding the 50 level.
Signal: A sell signal is generated, indicating the start of a downtrend.
Exit Conditions:
Exit Strategy:
While this strategy automates both entries and exits, it is recommended that traders manually manage their positions for risk control when necessary. The stop-loss is set based on ATR bands at the time of entry, and a take-profit is set with a risk-reward ratio of 1:1.5.
Risk Management:
This strategy incorporates a fixed stop-loss mechanism, where the stop-loss is set at entry based on the ATR band value. Once set, the stop-loss remains fixed, ensuring that trades stay within a predetermined risk range. The take-profit is based on a risk-reward ratio of 1:1.5, increasing the potential reward relative to the risk.
Account Size: ¥100,000
Commissions and Slippage: Assumed commission of 94 pips per trade and slippage of 1 pip.
Risk per Trade: 10% of account equity (adjustable based on risk tolerance).
Configurable Options:
ASO Period: Period setting for the Average Sentiment Oscillator (default is 32).
ATR Multiplier: Multiplier for ATR band calculation (default is 2.0).
EMA Period: Settings for the 200 EMA.
Signal Display Control: Option to toggle entry signal visibility on or off.
Adequate Sample Size:
To verify the effectiveness of this strategy, it is recommended to conduct extensive backtesting over a long period, covering different market conditions, including both high and low volatility environments.
Credits:
Acknowledgments:
This strategy integrates technical approaches based on the Average Sentiment Oscillator, 200 EMA, and ATR bands, drawing insights from the broader trading community.
Clean Chart Description:
Chart Appearance:
This strategy maintains a clean chart display by offering a toggle to switch the visibility of the ASO, EMA, and entry signals on or off. This helps reduce visual clutter and enhances effective trend analysis.
Addressing the House Rule Violations:
Omissions and Unrealistic Claims:
This strategy makes no exaggerated claims or guarantees about performance. All signals are provided for educational purposes, and it is emphasized that past performance does not guarantee future results. Proper risk management is essential, and the importance of this is highlighted throughout the strategy.
Multi-Chart Relative Strength Oscillator[ChartGalaxy]The Multi-Chart Relative Strength Oscillator is a powerful tool designed to compare the relative strength of up to 10 different market symbols (such as indices, stocks, or commodities). By normalizing each symbol's performance, this oscillator highlights which symbols are showing strength or weakness relative to each other over a selected time period.
Key Features:
Multiple Symbols Comparison: Compare up to 10 different symbols simultaneously.
Oscillator Calculation: Each symbol's price is normalized and converted into an oscillator, allowing for easy comparison of relative strength
Custom Timeframes: Choose any resolution (e.g., daily, weekly) for analyzing the symbols.
Dynamic Labeling: Each symbol is labeled on the chart for easy identification with color-coded labels that match the plotted lines.
Strength Classification: Symbols are classified as "Strong", "Neutral", or "Weak" based on their performance relative to others.
Optional Symbol Table: A table of the symbols and their strength is displayed on the chart, giving a quick overview of the current market conditions.
How it Works:
Symbol Input: The user can input up to 10 market symbols (such as indices or stocks) they wish to compare.
Oscillator Calculation: The indicator calculates the normalized value of each symbol over the selected time period, adjusting for standard deviation to create a relative strength oscillator.
Visual Comparison: The symbols are plotted as oscillating lines on the chart, color-coded for easy differentiation. Additionally, labels appear on the right side of each plot to indicate the symbol.
Strength Assessment: Each symbol is classified as Strong/Weal/Neutral
Use Cases:
Sector Rotation Analysis: Compare different sectors (e.g., Energy, Technology, Healthcare) to see which sectors are gaining or losing relative strength.
Asset Comparison: Analyze a group of stocks, commodities, or other assets to determine which are outperforming or underperforming.
Market Overview: Get a broad overview of the market by comparing key indices and sectors to gauge the overall market sentiment.
Customization Options:
Resolution Selection: Users can select their preferred timeframe for analysis (e.g., daily, weekly).
Custom Symbol Selection: Input any symbol supported by TradingView to compare performance.
Visual Clarity: Each symbol is plotted with distinct colors, and a label with the symbol’s name appears alongside the chart, making it easy to identify each line.
This indicator is ideal for traders looking to conduct sector analysis, asset comparison, or relative strength studies across multiple symbols, providing them with an intuitive and easy-to-read visual tool.
Adaptive EMA with ATR and Standard Deviation [QuantAlgo]Adaptive EMA with ATR and Standard Deviation by QuantAlgo 📈✨
Introducing the Adaptive EMA with ATR and Standard Deviation , a comprehensive trend-following indicator designed to combine the smoothness of an Exponential Moving Average (EMA) with the volatility adjustments of Average True Range (ATR) and Standard Deviation. This synergy allows traders and investors to better identify market trends while accounting for volatility, delivering clearer signals in both trending and volatile market conditions. This indicator is suitable for traders and investors seeking to balance trend detection and volatility management, offering a robust and adaptable approach across various asset classes and timeframes.
💫 Core Concept and Innovation
The Adaptive EMA with ATR and Standard Deviation brings together the trend-smoothing properties of the EMA and the volatility sensitivity of ATR and Standard Deviation. By using the EMA to track price movements over time, the indicator smooths out minor fluctuations while still providing valuable insights into overall market direction. However, market volatility can sometimes distort simple moving averages, so the ATR and Standard Deviation components dynamically adjust the trend signals, offering more nuanced insights into trend strength and reversals. This combination equips traders with a powerful tool to navigate unpredictable markets while minimizing false signals.
📊 Technical Breakdown and Calculations
The Adaptive EMA with ATR and Standard Deviation relies on three key technical components:
1. Exponential Moving Average (EMA): The EMA forms the base of the trend detection. Unlike a Simple Moving Average (SMA), the EMA gives more weight to recent price changes, allowing it to react more quickly to new data. Users can adjust the length of the EMA to make it more or less responsive to price movements.
2. Standard Deviation Bands: These bands are calculated from the standard deviation of the EMA and represent dynamic volatility thresholds. The upper and lower bands expand or contract based on recent price volatility, providing more accurate signals in both calm and volatile markets.
3. ATR-Based Volatility Filter: The Average True Range (ATR) is used to measure market volatility over a user-defined period. It helps refine the trend signals by filtering out false positives caused by minor price swings. The ATR filter ensures that the indicator only signals significant market movements.
⚙️ Step-by-Step Calculation:
1. EMA Calculation: First, the indicator calculates the EMA over a specified period based on the chosen price source (e.g., close, high, low).
2. Standard Deviation Bands: Then, it computes the standard deviation of the EMA and applies a multiplier to create upper and lower bands around the EMA. These bands adjust dynamically with the level of market volatility.
3. ATR Filtering: In addition to the standard deviation bands, the ATR is applied as a secondary filter to help refine the trend signals. This step helps eliminate signals generated by short-term price spikes or corrections, ensuring that the signals are more reliable.
4. Trend Detection: When the price crosses above the upper band, a bullish trend is identified, while a move below the lower band signals a bearish trend. The system accounts for both the standard deviation and ATR bands to generate these signals.
✅ Customizable Inputs and Features
The Adaptive EMA with ATR and Standard Deviation provides a range of customizable options to fit various trading/investing styles:
📈 Trend Settings:
1. Price Source: Choose the price type (e.g., close, high, low) to base the EMA calculation on, influencing how the trend is tracked.
2. EMA Length: Adjust the length to control how quickly the EMA reacts to price changes. A shorter length provides a more responsive EMA, while a longer period smooths out short-term fluctuations.
🌊 Volatility Controls:
1. Standard Deviation Multiplier: This parameter controls the sensitivity of the trend detection by adjusting the distance between the upper and lower bands from the EMA.
2. TR Length and Multiplier: Fine-tune the ATR settings to control how volatility is filtered, adjusting the indicator’s responsiveness during high or low volatility phases.
🎨 Visualization and Alerts:
1. Bar Coloring: Select different colors for uptrends and downtrends, providing a clear visual cue when trends change.
2. Alerts: Set up alerts to notify you when the price crosses the upper or lower bands, signaling a potential long or short trend shift. Alerts can help you stay informed without constant chart monitoring.
📈 Practical Applications
The Adaptive EMA with ATR and Standard Deviation is ideal for traders and investors looking to balance trend-following strategies with volatility management. Key uses include:
Detecting Trend Reversals: The dynamic bands help identify when the market shifts direction, providing clear signals when a trend reversal is likely.
Filtering Market Noise: By applying both Standard Deviation and ATR filtering, the indicator helps reduce false signals during periods of heightened volatility.
Volatility-Based Risk Management: The adaptability of the bands ensures that traders can manage risk more effectively by responding to shifts in volatility while keeping focus on long-term trends.
⭐️ Comprehensive Summary
The Adaptive EMA with ATR and Standard Deviation is a highly customizable indicator that provides traders with clearer signals for trend detection and volatility management. By dynamically adjusting its calculations based on market conditions, it offers a powerful tool for navigating both trending and volatile markets. Whether you're looking to detect early trend reversals or avoid false signals during periods of high volatility, this indicator gives you the flexibility and accuracy to improve your trading and investing strategies.
Note: The Adaptive EMA with ATR and Standard Deviation is designed to enhance your market analysis but should not be relied upon as the sole basis for trading or investing decisions. Always combine it with other analytical tools and practices. No statements or signals from this indicator constitute financial advice. Past performance is not indicative of future results.
ATR, Chop, Profit Target and Stop Loss TableThe ATR Table indicator is a versatile tool that helps traders visually and quantitatively manage risk, identify market conditions, and set profit targets and stop-loss levels. It is designed to enhance decision-making by incorporating key volatility and chop (market consolidation) signals into a comprehensive table format.
Key Features:
Average True Range (ATR) Calculation : The indicator computes the ATR over a user-defined period (default 14). ATR helps to measure market volatility, providing insights into how much an asset's price typically moves within a given period.
Stop Loss and Profit Target Calculation : You can configure stop-loss and profit target levels using multipliers based on the ATR. This allows dynamic risk management that adjusts to market volatility:
Stop Loss : Defined as a multiple of the ATR to help control losses.
Profit Target : Also based on a multiple of the ATR to lock in gains. The user can specify whether they are trading long or short, and the indicator adjusts the levels accordingly.
Customizable Plot Lines : The indicator can display the Stop Loss and Profit Target levels directly on the chart. Users can toggle these lines on or off and customize their colors.
Chop Signa l: The indicator highlights potential consolidation periods (chop) using a wick-based analysis. It calculates the highest upper or lower wick values and compares them to the ATR to detect periods of indecision or consolidation.
Table Display : When these wick values exceed the ATR by a user-defined multiplier, the corresponding table rows are highlighted.
Background Alerts : Optionally, users can activate background color changes on the chart to visually alert them when chop conditions are detected.
Customizable Table Layout : A table displaying the key values (ATR, Stop Loss, Profit Target, Upper/Lower Wickiness) is placed on the chart. You can choose the table's position, adjust its color scheme, and decide which rows to display.
Chop Background Customization : For users who prefer more visual cues, the indicator allows you to enable or disable background shading when chop conditions are met. You can also choose the color of this background for better customization.
Adaptive Smooth EMA [MacroGlide]Adaptive Smooth EMA is a powerful indicator designed to track and smooth market prices using Adaptive Exponential Moving Averages (EMAs) with dynamic phase adjustment. This tool helps traders analyze price trends and identify shifts in market momentum, making it easier to recognize potential reversals and trend continuations.
Key Features:
• Adaptive EMA Calculation: The indicator calculates multiple EMAs with adaptive smoothing based on volatility, allowing traders to capture the market's movement more accurately. These smoothed values adjust dynamically with the market, making trend detection more precise.
• Dynamic Phase Adjustment: The phase of the EMA is adjusted in real-time according to the market's volatility, ensuring that the smoothing remains responsive to changes in market conditions, reducing lag and enhancing signal clarity.
• Customizable Color Gradients: The indicator uses color gradients to visually distinguish between uptrends and downtrends, making it easier to spot shifts in market direction. Users can customize the color scheme for better visual representation and interpretation.
How to Use:
• Add the indicator to your chart and adjust the EMA length and phase adjustment settings according to your trading strategy.
• Monitor the color shifts to quickly identify potential changes in trend direction. The transition between the uptrend and downtrend colors can signal momentum shifts.
• Utilize the different EMA lengths to analyze short-term and long-term trends. The smaller EMAs will react quicker to price changes, while the longer ones provide a smoother view of the overall trend.
Methodology:
The Adaptive Smooth EMA indicator computes multiple EMAs with lengths ranging from 3 to 90 periods, dynamically adjusting the phase based on market volatility. This adaptive approach allows the indicator to respond effectively to both calm and volatile market conditions, providing a more accurate reflection of current trends. By smoothing the price data while maintaining responsiveness to market changes, the indicator helps traders avoid false signals and make more informed decisions.
Originality and Usefulness:
Adaptive Smooth EMA stands out due to its ability to dynamically adjust to market conditions, offering an adaptive smoothing approach that reduces noise while capturing essential price movements. This makes it particularly useful for identifying trends, reversals, and optimizing entry and exit points in a trading strategy.
Charts:
The indicator plots a series of smoothed EMA lines, each with a unique color gradient reflecting market sentiment. These lines help visualize price trends across different timeframes, providing a comprehensive view of the market's directional strength and momentum. The gradient color transitions further enhance the clarity of trend shifts, offering an easy-to-interpret chart for traders.
Enjoy the game!
DTT Volatility Grid [Pro+] (NINE/ANARR)Introduction:
This tool is designed to automate the Digital Time Theory (DTT) framework created by Ivan and Anarr, and leverage the DTT Volatility Grid to navigate the advanced realm of Time-based statistical trading.
Description:
Built upon the proprietary Digital Time Theory (DTT), this script equips traders with an edge in analyzing Time and price-based market behaviour. It is designed for intraday traders of all asset classes, and breaks down the entire Daily range into Time Models and Inner Time Intervals. This tool is powered by data-driven insights, helping traders anticipate expansions, understand Time distortions, and assess market volatility at specific Times of the trading day.
Key Features:
Time-Based Models and Volatility Awareness: The indicator automatically populates the chart with DTT's Time Models. These Time Models, represented by specific Time Intervals, are engineered to highlight volatility injections within key sessions, offering traders clear insights into market dynamics and potential shifts.
Average Model Range Probability (AMRP): Know the average volatility expected for specific Time Models and use AMRP Levels (and Standard Deviation) to gauge the probability of a range break or failure, based on historical price action and Time data.
Root Candles and Liquidity Draws: Visualize Root Candles as draws on liquidity, showcasing premium and discount areas, and the starting point of a Time based price movement. Understand how the opening price and equilibrium of each Root Candle can serve as a framework for your trade executions. Distribution or accumulation above or below Root Candles can also be observed and utilized.
Extended Visualization: Observe prior Model Ranges into the current Time Model, including the High, Low, and Equilibrium from the previous Time Models, helping traders visualize potential support or resistance areas.
Lookback Periods and Model Count: Use customizable lookback periods to adjust the number of past models, providing further insight into market behaviour over a chosen historical range. This can help to keep charts clean and organized with one model displayed or multiple for backtesting purposes.
Detailed Data Table: The real-Time data table allows traders to view the AMRP and range data for selected models, providing an easy reference for model behaviour and volatility dynamics. The table can depict all Time Model average ranges for reference and study, providing insights to whether the previous models have exceeded their historical range volatility, or not.
Customization Options: Customize Time Intervals with various styles (solid, dashed, dotted) and choose different colors for each model or interval. You can also select which historical models to display, alongside customizable labels.
How Traders Can Use DTT Volatility Grid Effectively:
Understand Premium and Discount Areas: By tracking Time-based ranges and using DTT's Root Candles and Previous Model Equilibrium, traders can quickly assess whether price is trading in premium or discount territory during intraday sessions.
Expecting Volatility and Time-Sensitive Trades: Knowing when a move is nearing exhaustion or when Time-based distortions are likely to cause an expansion allows traders to stay ahead of sudden market shifts. The Inner Intervals and Root Candles in combination, highlight the volatility ranges across various Timeframes, giving traders insights into which Times of the day are likely to experience heightened market activity as per DTT.
Avoiding Low Volatility Periods: The AMRP system helps traders identify times of the day where price action is likely to slow down or become choppy, encouraging traders to step aside or reduce risk during these times. If the AMRP was extended above the average of the previous Time model and the current model depicts an average range probability of low volatility, then traders can sit out in anticipation for a model with higher volatility.
Usage Guidance:
Add DTT Volatility Grid (NINE/ANARR) to your TradingView chart.
Customize your preferred time intervals, model history, and visual settings for your session.
Use the data table to track average model ranges and probabilities, ensuring you align your trades with key levels.
Incorporate DTT Volatility Grid (NINE/ANARR) into your existing strategies to fine-tune your entries and exits based on data-driven insights into volatility and price behaviour.
These tools are available ONLY on the TradingView platform.
Terms and Conditions
Our charting tools are products provided for informational and educational purposes only and do not constitute financial, investment, or trading advice. Our charting tools are not designed to predict market movements or provide specific recommendations. Users should be aware that past performance is not indicative of future results and should not be relied upon for making financial decisions. By using our charting tools, the purchaser agrees that the seller and the creator are not responsible for any decisions made based on the information provided by these charting tools. The purchaser assumes full responsibility and liability for any actions taken and the consequences thereof, including any loss of money or investments that may occur as a result of using these products. Hence, by purchasing these charting tools, the customer accepts and acknowledges that the seller and the creator are not liable nor responsible for any unwanted outcome that arises from the development, the sale, or the use of these products. Finally, the purchaser indemnifies the seller from any and all liability. If the purchaser was invited through the Friends and Family Program, they acknowledge that the provided discount code only applies to the first initial purchase of the Toodegrees Premium Suite subscription. The purchaser is therefore responsible for cancelling – or requesting to cancel – their subscription in the event that they do not wish to continue using the product at full retail price. If the purchaser no longer wishes to use the products, they must unsubscribe from the membership service, if applicable. We hold no reimbursement, refund, or chargeback policy. Once these Terms and Conditions are accepted by the Customer, before purchase, no reimbursements, refunds or chargebacks will be provided under any circumstances.
By continuing to use these charting tools, the user acknowledges and agrees to the Terms and Conditions outlined in this legal disclaimer.
KAMA CloudDescription:
The KAMA Cloud indicator is a sophisticated trading tool designed to provide traders with insights into market trends and their intensity. This indicator is built on the Kaufman Adaptive Moving Average (KAMA), which dynamically adjusts its sensitivity to filter out market noise and respond to significant price movements. The KAMA Cloud leverages multiple KAMAs to gauge trend direction and strength, offering a visual representation that is easy to interpret.
How It Works:
The KAMA Cloud uses twenty different KAMA calculations, each set to a distinct lookback period ranging from 5 to 100. These KAMAs are calculated using the average of the open, high, low, and close prices (OHLC4), ensuring a balanced view of price action. The relative positioning of these KAMAs helps determine the direction of the market trend and its momentum.
By measuring the cumulative relative distance between these KAMAs, the indicator effectively assesses the overall trend strength, akin to how the Average True Range (ATR) measures market volatility. This cumulative measure helps in identifying the trend’s robustness and potential sustainability.
The visualization component of the KAMA Cloud is particularly insightful. It plots a 'cloud' formed between the base KAMA (set at a 100-period lookback) and an adjusted KAMA that incorporates the cumulative relative distance scaled up. This cloud changes color based on the trend direction — green for upward trends and red for downward trends, providing a clear, visual representation of market conditions.
Benefits:
Dynamic Sensitivity: By adapting to the market's volatility, KAMA provides more reliable signals than traditional moving averages.
Trend Clarity: The color-coded cloud visually enhances the perception of the trend’s direction and strength, making it easier for traders to decide on their trading strategy.
Versatility: Suitable for various asset classes, including stocks, forex, commodities, and cryptocurrencies, across different timeframes.
Decision Support: Helps traders understand not just the direction but the strength of trends, aiding in more informed decision-making regarding entries, exits, and risk management.
Usage:
The KAMA Cloud is ideal for traders who need a robust trend-following tool that adjusts according to market dynamics. It can be used as a standalone indicator or in conjunction with other technical analysis tools to enhance trading strategies. Look for the cloud’s color shifts as potential signals for trend reversals or continuations, and consider the cloud’s thickness as an indication of trend strength.
Whether you are a day trader, swing trader, or long-term investor, the KAMA Cloud offers a unique approach to understanding market trends, helping you navigate the complexities of various market conditions with confidence.
Iceberg Trade Revealer [CHE]Unveiling Iceberg Trades: A Deep Dive into Low Volatility Market Phases
Introduction
In the dynamic world of trading, hidden forces often influence market movements in ways that aren't immediately apparent. One such force is the phenomenon of iceberg trades—large orders that are concealed to prevent significant market impact. This presentation explores the concept of iceberg trades, explains why they are typically hidden during periods of low volatility, and introduces an indicator designed to reveal these elusive trades.
Agenda
1. Understanding Iceberg Trades
- Definition and Purpose
- Impact on Market Dynamics
2. The Low Volatility Concealment
- Why Low Volatility Phases?
- Strategies Behind Hiding Large Orders
3. Introducing the Iceberg Trade Revealer Indicator
- How the Indicator Works
- Key Components and Calculations
4. Demonstration and Use Cases
- Interpreting the Indicator Signals
- Practical Trading Applications
5. Conclusion
- Summarizing the Insights
- Q&A Session
1. Understanding Iceberg Trades
Definition and Purpose
- Iceberg Trades are large single orders divided into smaller lots to disguise the total order quantity.
- Traders use iceberg orders to minimize market impact and avoid unfavorable price movements.
Impact on Market Dynamics
- Concealed Volume: Iceberg orders hide true supply and demand levels.
- Price Stability: They prevent sudden spikes or drops by releasing orders gradually.
- Market Sentiment: Their presence can influence perceptions of market strength or weakness.
2. The Low Volatility Concealment
Why Low Volatility Phases?
- Less Market Attention: Low volatility periods attract fewer traders, making it easier to conceal large orders.
- Reduced Slippage: Prices are more stable, reducing the risk of executing orders at unfavorable prices.
- Strategic Advantage: Large players can accumulate or distribute positions without tipping off the market.
Strategies Behind Hiding Large Orders
- Order Splitting: Breaking down large orders into smaller pieces.
- Time Slicing: Executing orders over an extended period.
- Algorithmic Trading: Using sophisticated algorithms to optimize order execution.
3. Introducing the Iceberg Trade Revealer Indicator
How the Indicator Works
- Core Thesis: Iceberg trades can be detected by analyzing periods of unusually low volatility.
- Volatility Analysis: Uses the Average True Range (ATR) and Bollinger Bands to identify low volatility phases.
- Signal Generation: Marks periods where iceberg trades are likely occurring.
Key Components and Calculations
1. Average True Range (ATR)
- Measures market volatility over a specified period.
- Lower ATR values indicate less price movement.
2. Bollinger Bands
- Creates a volatility envelope around the ATR.
- Bands tighten during low volatility and widen during high volatility.
3. Timeframe Adjustments
- Utilizes multiple timeframes to enhance signal accuracy.
- Options for auto, multiplier, or manual timeframe selection.
4. Signal Conditions
- Iceberg Trade Detection: ATR falls below the lower Bollinger Band.
- Revealed Volatility: ATR rises above the upper Bollinger Band, indicating potential market moves after iceberg trades.
4. Demonstration and Use Cases
Interpreting the Indicator Signals
- Iceberg Trade Zones: Highlighted areas where large hidden orders are likely.
- Revealed Volatility Zones: Areas indicating the market's response to the execution of iceberg trades.
Practical Trading Applications
- Entry and Exit Points: Use signals to time trades alongside institutional activity.
- Risk Management: Adjust strategies during detected low volatility phases.
- Market Analysis: Gain insights into underlying market mechanics.
5. Conclusion
Summarizing the Insights
- Iceberg Trades play a significant role in market movements, especially when concealed during low volatility phases.
- The Iceberg Trade Revealer Indicator provides a tool to uncover these hidden activities, offering traders a strategic edge.
- Understanding and utilizing this indicator can enhance trading decisions by aligning them with the actions of major market players.
Best regards Chervolino ( Volker )
Q&A Session
- Questions and Discussions: Open the floor for any queries or further explanations.
Thank You!
By delving into the hidden aspects of market activity, traders can better navigate the complexities of financial markets. The Iceberg Trade Revealer Indicator serves as a bridge between observable market data and the concealed strategies of large institutions.
References
- Average True Range (ATR): A technical analysis indicator that measures market volatility.
- Bollinger Bands: A volatility indicator that creates a band of three lines which are plotted in relation to a security's price.
- Iceberg Orders: Large orders divided into smaller lots to hide the actual order quantity.
Note: Always consider multiple factors when making trading decisions. Indicators provide tools, but they do not guarantee results.
Educational Content Disclaimer:
Disclaimer:
The content provided, including all code and materials, is strictly for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as, and should not be interpreted as, financial advice, a recommendation to buy or sell any financial instrument, or an offer of any financial product or service. All strategies, tools, and examples discussed are provided for illustrative purposes to demonstrate coding techniques and the functionality of Pine Script within a trading context.
Any results from strategies or tools provided are hypothetical, and past performance is not indicative of future results. Trading and investing involve high risk, including the potential loss of principal, and may not be suitable for all individuals. Before making any trading decisions, please consult with a qualified financial professional to understand the risks involved.
By using this script, you acknowledge and agree that any trading decisions are made solely at your discretion and risk.
Universal All Assets Strategy | viResearchUniversal All Assets Strategy | viResearch
The Universal All Assets Strategy by viResearch is a sophisticated trend-following algorithm designed to operate seamlessly across various asset classes. It leverages seven unique trend-following indicators to provide robust and adaptive trading signals. The strategy dynamically adjusts to market conditions, making it suitable for equities, commodities, forex, and cryptocurrencies.
Core Methodologies and Features:
Seven Integrated Trend Indicators:
The strategy integrates seven powerful trend-following indicators. These include directional moving averages, smoothed moving averages, RSI loops, Supertrend filters, and more. When the majority of these indicators align, the strategy generates a long or short signal, ensuring that traders are capturing significant trend opportunities while minimizing noise from market fluctuations.
Universal Asset Adaptability:
Designed to work across all assets, the strategy adjusts its parameters dynamically based on the asset being traded. Whether applied to stocks, forex, or crypto, it adapts to the specific volatility and price behavior of the instrument, ensuring reliable signal generation in any market condition.
Customizable Directional Bias and Volatility Filters:
The strategy allows for an optional directional bias and incorporates volatility-based adjustments through ATR filters and standard deviation metrics. These features provide greater flexibility, allowing users to fine-tune the strategy for both trending and ranging markets.
Operational Parameters:
User-Friendly Customization:
Universal All Assets Strategy offers comprehensive customization options, including adjustable backtesting dates, starting capital settings, plotting options, and an experimental directional bias feature. These parameters can be easily tailored to meet the trader's unique needs, allowing for optimal performance across various markets and trading styles.
Seven-Trend Confirmation System:
The algorithm relies on its seven trend-following indicators to confirm market direction. If the majority of indicators generate a long signal, the strategy will initiate a long position. Conversely, a majority short signal will trigger a short position, providing strong validation for trade entries and exits.
Thoroughly Tested for Realistic Conditions:
This strategy has been rigorously backtested and forward-tested under real-world trading conditions, accounting for slippage, commissions, and various account sizes. Its robust risk management features ensure a balanced approach to trading, reducing unnecessary drawdowns and prioritizing capital preservation over time.
Concluding Remarks:
The Universal All Assets Strategy | viResearch is designed to offer traders a powerful tool for identifying and acting on market trends across multiple asset classes. With its seven-indicator confirmation system, adaptive logic, and customizable settings, this strategy is an excellent choice for traders looking for consistency and reliability in their trading approach. Whether used for long or short opportunities, this strategy provides the flexibility and precision needed to succeed in today's markets.
Triangular Arbitrage [Starbots]Triangular arbitrage in crypto refers to a trading strategy that exploits price discrepancies between three different cryptocurrencies or currency pairs on the same exchange.
The idea is to make a series of trades that ultimately result in a profit without the risk typically involved in trading. It works by taking advantage of the inefficiencies in the pricing of cryptocurrency pairs.
Here’s how it works:
Identify the Discrepancy: A trader finds a pricing mismatch between three cryptocurrencies. For example, they identify that the exchange rates between BTC/ETH, ETH/USDT, and BTC/USDT pairs are not aligned in a way that satisfies arbitrage-free conditions.
Three Trades:
Trade 1: Start with one cryptocurrency, say USDT (Tether).
Trade 2: Use USDT to buy ETH.
Trade 3: Use ETH to buy BTC.
Final Trade: Finally, convert the BTC back into USDT.
Profit: If the exchange rates between these pairs are out of sync, the trader can end up with more USDT (or the initial cryptocurrency) than they started with. This is because the temporary price inefficiency allowed them to buy low and sell high across different pairs.
Example:
Initial position: You have 10,000 USDT.
Step 1: You buy ETH with USDT (at a rate of 1 ETH = 2000 USDT), getting 5 ETH.
Step 2: You buy BTC with ETH (at a rate of 1 BTC = 2.5 ETH), getting 2 BTC.
Step 3: You sell BTC back for USDT (at a rate of 1 BTC = 5200 USDT), getting 10,400 USDT.
This results in a profit of 400 USDT after completing the cycle, assuming no fees or slippage.
Key Points:
Risk-Free (In Theory): In theory, triangular arbitrage is risk-free because you’re taking advantage of price discrepancies and not market trends.
High Speed Required: Since the inefficiencies in the crypto market are usually very short-lived, this strategy often requires bots or automated systems to execute trades quickly.
Fees and Slippage: In reality, exchange fees, trading volume, and slippage (the difference between the expected price and the actual execution price) can eat into profits and should be carefully considered.
Triangular arbitrage opportunities arise in crypto markets due to the high volatility and fragmentation across different trading pairs and exchanges.
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Recommended Binance pairs: DOGE/BTC, TRX/BTC, LINK/BTC, RUNE/BTC, FET/BTC, WIF/BTC,.. Make sure they have big daily volume when you swap them.
You typically have 30 seconds to 2 minutes to complete all three orders, but the main challenge is slippage, especially if the trading volume is low.
<>How to use indicator?
For example, open the DOGE/BTC chart on Binance and set the timeframe to 30 seconds or 1 minute.
In the first input, enter DOGE/USDT, the symbol that's on the left of your slash (DOGE/BTC), and in the second, enter BTC/USDT, the symbol that's on the right of your slash (DOGE/BTC).
Next, select the investment and commissions option.
Indicator will automatically calculate the discrepancies between these three different cryptocurrency pairs and show you when it's profitable to trade it on the chart.
Follow the indicator's suggested orders and capitalize on the price discrepancies between the three cryptocurrencies on the same exchange. This is how Triangular Arbitrage work.
WPR Volume Candle [Atareum]AWPRVC (Atareum WPR Volume Candles) is clearly an awesome indicator produced by AtareumFX that is based on William’s Percent Range concepts by combination with volume. This is a new approach of volume candles that is combined with R% concepts and creates such a powerful tool to trace the market and assists traders to make better decisions surly and so much accurate. You can find this new indicator more useful because it has all benefits and advantages of William’s R% and cover its disadvantages. Also it is more powerful because of using volume in its calculations and generate a new candles which is more reliable and trustworthy.
Concept:
Using William’s Percent leading periods and calculations on redesigning new candles in combination with volume, that makes unique reform candles, but these new candles with their new cloud system clearly response to any reasonable price movement with so much information.
As you know if use R% there are some misleading fake signals generate by oscillator, also it could not show any sign of price moving trend which is almost confusing for beginners or even a pro trader! And finally this oscillator is so sensitive to price change that is so creepy to use for most of traders.
This new AWPRVC solve the problem and make all of them handy and useful for you.
The cloud system which is designed in AWPRVC shows the price trend moving from Bearish Zone (-100 to -50 percent) to Bullish Zone (-50 to 0 percent). You can trust the lead moving forward of the clouds in two separate Top and Bottom (Bull and Bear) lines which solely determine the trend and power of price moving. When clouds are close to each other means we continue the trend and when they get far away from each other means we will face powerful trend in near future. If they are in Bearish Zone we continue the selling pressure and vice versa. Following picture shows good sample of Long and Short positions in compare with so many fake signals generated on original R%.
Besides the cloud system of AWPRVC which is clearly show the price trend and it is completely enough for being sure about price moving trend, you can use moving average which is designated in it to confirm the price trend, also.
Also you can see this new AWPRVC candle by using volume within its conformation, make reasonable price candles which is no so sensitive and so creepy and make your decisions come true in peace and clear sense of market moves. You can see following picture which is showing although the real price candles are so unclear and nonsense of making decision but the AWPRVC candles lead you to make true and trustable position.
As you see this new combination of Williams R% oscillator with volume and also generating a perfect new cloud system will clearly help traders even pro to trust the signals and understand whole market movement better and all of original problems of R% solved and even make a most powerful, trustworthy and useful new indicator.
Parameters:
Section 1 : Candle colour setting for flourishing just as you desire !
Section 2 : Defining Periods of R% and source of candle data in combination with determining the smoothing type of moving averages and signal period.
Section 3 : Select using Standard candles alongside with redesigned cloud calculation type and three additional moving averages which can plot on each newly generated candles and standard candles on a chart with the type mode defined in the previous section.
Note: if you want to omit any or all of these moving averages, you can use 0 in period, instead of selecting "None" in the plot moving option!
Usage :
Overall:
Regardless of the additional moving averages which will lead to so many situations of market according to their types and designs, that is four different period for new redesign AWPRVC and three period for standard chart. You can easily select periods and type for these moving averages. Also, do not forget that signal moving averages is shown only on AWPRVC chart and have two different colour for upward and downward trends. Other moving averages are plot by just one single colour.
Cloud levels are so important because AWPRVC candles show respect to them and when they break the clouds upward or downward it is surly beginning of a trend. Do not forget we have 5 levels for tracing new AWPRVC candles move as follows : Ready for Short \ Long, Surly Short \ Long and Turn Trend which is in middle range of movement percent. Each level clearly shows what it means by its name.
Support and Resistance:
Any consolidation of AWPRVC candles in Ready for Short or Long Zones means the support or resistance level due to its nature, but important thing is how long the candles lasts in there or how many times repeated in the same level in AWPRVC chart zone in future.
For plotting the support or resistance you should trace range of AWPRVC candles consolidated and plot zone in standard chart candles just like following picture.
Divergence:
When standard price candles move downward but we see upward trend in clouds of AWPRVC candles that means we should face Bullish Trend because of the divergence and vice versa. You can see perfect example in following picture.
Signal:
Alert of Long :
Bullish candle cross both cloud down and up level simultaneously.
Confirmed Long :
AWPRVC candles cross up turn trend level and pullback to cloud up level.
Take profit of Long:
Any cross down of the AWPRVC candles from surly short level of chart.
Alert of Short :
Bearish candle cross both cloud up and down level simultaneously.
Confirmed Short :
AWPRVC candles cross down turn trend level and pullback to cloud down level.
Take profit of Short:
Any cross up of the AWPRVC candles from surly long level of chart.
Notes:
Use moving averages cross of standard chart candles as lead to be in positions more as they are good representative of trend.
As long as AWPRVC candles or Cloud levels are in Bullish Zone, you can stay in Long positions.
Cloud level thickness means the power of trend and can be use as confirmation of powerful trend, so when cloud levels tight or going to cross each other it means the trend is going to be reversed.
It is the result of many years of experience in markets and there are so many details about this AWPRVC chart which I am in the experiment phase to publish in the future, so please help me with your ideas and do not hesitate to comment and inform me any suggestions or criticism.
